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image now named

Grace Hopper UNIVAC diversity xxx

<i>SI Neg. 83-14878. Date: na.</i>Grace Murray Hopper at the UNIVAC keyboard, c. 1960. Grace Brewster Murray: American mathematician and rear admiral in the U.S. Navy who was a pioneer in developing computer technology, helping to devise UNIVAC I. the first commercial electronic computer, and naval applications for COBOL (common-business-oriented language). Credit: Unknown (Smithsonian Institution)


COBOL001-800.jpg
via
http://americanhistory.si.edu/cobol/getting-cobol-to-run

The COBOL project brought together a diverse group—men, women, African Americans, and Asian Americans. 
At Remington Rand UNIVAC, team members used the room-sized Univac I and Univac II computers. 
Grace Hopper, shown at center right in the first photograph, directed the group. 
Programs were entered on reels of magnetic tape, using a special form of typewriter called a Unityper.


fruitful google image searches:
grace hopper invention

http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/manmach.html
Turing's assistants on the software writing were women, Cicely Popplewell and Audrey Bates. This
 set-up neatly confirmed Manchester stereotypes:

                               hard 
                                                 soft
                               engineering 
                                                 mathematics
                               Williams, Kilburn 
                                                 Newman, Turing
                               things 
                                                 concepts
                               north 
                                                 south
                               Real Manchester
                                                 Virtual Womanchester


 Has much changed? At least women in computing and gender issues are on the agenda.

WREN = WRNS, Women's Royal Naval Service.

Cicely Popplewell. age 74, (assuming 25 in 1950; b. 1925)
W/Audrey Bates, Turing's first programmers. Interviewed for job summer 1949.
Cambridge math. grad., experience in punched cards used in housing statistics.
Good quote p402. ENIGMA p401.

Audrey Bates. Age likely mid/late 70's.
W/Popplewell, Turing's first programmers. No other data.
ENIGMA p401.

Ada Lovelace. 1840's.

Joan Clarke.  Age 84, assuming 25 in 1940.
Hired at Bletchley, 1940. Math. Prof. Likely not programmer, but may have done
proto-programming on Bombes etc. (Women/WREN proto-programmers needs persuing.)
ENIGMA p195.

Odette Wylie. ?
A WREN, "Odette" (first name?) married Shaun Wylie (Bletchley). May be HEATH ROBINSON
worker/programmer. Long shot.
20TH p39.

I.J. Good, Donald Michie, and "some thirty WRENS".
Operators of HEATH ROBINSON.
20th p60.

WRENS, COLOSSUS.
Once regularized, some work was arranged into decision trees which were handled
by WRENS, with a Senior WREN as Chief Operator. With refs.
20TH p75.

Prof. Kathleen Booth nee Britten. Age 78, assuming 25 in 1946 (see ref).
Andrew D. Booth designed hardware, Kathleen software for a relay/drum
machine. 
20TH pp--
Ref, p553
Program, p554
Photo, p556
Photo, p560
References, p560-561

Adele Goldstine.
Coded function tables for ENIAC, MANIAC? (LASL)
20TH p459.

Klari von Neumann?
Daughter? Wife? Worked on ENIAC function tables.
20TH p459.

Lois Cook (Leurgans). Age 76, assuming 25 in 1948 (photo below)
Great photo, 20TH p461.

Metropolis' references to "R. Bivins, L. Cook, M. Jones, D. Bradford, E. Alei, M. Tsingou" as
programmers.
20TH p462


Goldstine.



UN/ATTRIBUTED PHOTOS: (separate section)

COLOSSUS operators, likely WRENs, 20TH p49.
ENIAC operators, 20TH p317.
J.E. Robertson's daughter playing with ILLIAC console, 20TH p353.
Many women in WHIRLWIND photo, 20TH p383-384.
Woman at IBM console, 20TH p398.
Woman with